Nazi Gold Essays - Aftermath Of World War II, Swiss Law,

Nazi Gold It is the last extraordinary puzzle of World War II: the incomplete, phenomenal quest for what might be billions of dollars in real money, gold, property, and workmanship covered up and unclaimed by survivors of the Holocaust ? or then again ravaged by the Nazis and their associates before transportation Jews to the concentration camps. In 1938 Nazi Gestapos assaulted the homes of more than 10,000,000 guiltless Jews. Their homes were whipped, assets were taken, and lives were torn to assist ?one predominant race.? None of these individuals at any point got pay for their setbacks, yet above all they never recaptured their lives. They had exchanged their financial balances to the unbiased nation of Switzerland. This was to guarantee their cash was as yet theirs, if by some possibility they endure the dread known as the Holocaust. At the point when all Jews were constrained into required inhumane imprisonments that cash bafflingly fell under the control of Swiss bank authorities. The not very many Jews that survived the spooky inhumane imprisonments, were denied the well deserved cash that was in the Swiss banks. These individuals have been battling fifty years with bank authorities to discover if Switzerland despite everything had their cash. It has now become obvious that billions of dollars are left in Swiss banks. Of these billions of dollars the not many that endure the Holocaust have never observed a penny. These casualties merit the cash they earned years back. The groups of those whose lives were taken have the right to get remuneration for their precursors. Holocaust casualties and groups of dead Holocaust casualties must get pay for being threatened. There are a great many dollars worth of Nazi gold in the United States and Great Britain, yet most gold is put away in Switzerland. Two nations that were immovably against the tyranny that was going on in Germany, took a large number of dollars of taken gold from that equivalent nation. The United States and Great Britain are said to have gold covered up in their national banks that was plundered by Nazis , however Switzerland was the primary goal for gold from the plundering of the Nazis. For a considerable length of time, Swiss brokers have denied having anything other than insignificant measures of Nazi plunder and unclaimed Jewish records in their vaults. ?There's been a multi year crusade of camouflaging,? says Edgar Bronfman, the business big shot and leader of the World Jewish Congress (WJC), who drives the quest for the shrouded resources . More than 50 years have passed and Switzerland has asserted they have tiny measures of Holocaust casualties cash. It wasn't until somebody dove exceptionally profound into Swiss financial chronicles known as the JAG records that the fact of the matter was found. In one of those crates, she found a duplicate of the Soci?#233 G?#233rale de Surveillance, a Geneva banking affiliation. It recorded names of Jewish nationals from Eastern Europe who had placed their cash into Swiss banks, with the measures of their stores. Converted into dollars and balanced for swelling, the absolute came to about $20 billion. It has been more than a long time since the Geneva Convention finished up WWII, and until 1996 Switzerland denied they even took such a cash from the Nazis. At the point when a terrible paper trail was followed, it was found out that more than $20 billion was covered up in Switzerland, Great Britain, and the United States. In any case, not one penny of the cash taken by Nazis has been come back to Holocaust casualties. It has been more than a long time since Gestapos attacked the homes of Holocaust casualties. Very nearly 7,000,000 Jews were executed in Nazi inhumane imprisonments, however the assessed 600,000 overcomers of the Holocaust have never gotten compensation installments from Germany. A few nations have neglected Jewish inhumane imprisonment survivors, and offered cash to noticeable Nazi rulers. The period of a considerable lot of the so far uncompensated casualties if Nazi abuses has offered earnestness to the undertaking. Throughout the years, a large portion of the casualties have been neglected while a few culprits and their beneficiaries have been compensated. The German widow of conspicuous Nazi Julius Streicher, for example, got a single amount of 46,000 deutsche marks ($35,000) from the West German government as pay for cash her significant other may have earned had he endure the war . For this situation the casualty was disregarded and the criminal's family was remunerated. Is this the way

The Biography Of Bob Marley Essays - Roots Reggae Library

The Biography of Bob Marley Via: Sean Dolan Robert Nesta Marley was conceived in Rhoden Hall, Saint Ann, Jamaica in 1945. He began as a man simply learning a welding exchange instructed to him in Kinston, Jamaica . While there Marley began a gathering in 1961 called the Rudeboys (later known as the Wailers). The Wailers included vocalists Bunny Livingston and Peter Tosh. The Wailers utilize a style of music called ska, which was a mixture of Rhythm and Blues and Jamaican Mento. He was a vocalist, guitarist, musician, and the most perceived reggae craftsmen on the planet today. In 1967 he changed over from Christianity from Rastafarianisn. Rastafarianism is a religion that accepted that the otherworldly impact of pot, it additionally embraced dark prevalence, and it likewise perceived Haile Salassie I (the ruler of Ethiopia) as a living god. After his change his religion turned into a major piece of his music as well. In about each tune he sang of his new religion commending Salassie I. His music presently contain a specific mysticism and magic that was extraordinary. Marley and the Wailers recorded Catch a Fire (1972), Burin' (1973), Natty Dread (1975), and Live (1975), and a couple different collections. During this time, there was a ton of unrest in Jamaica both strategically and monetarily and Marley developed a dissident picture. In 1976 while a cannabis vendor was at his place at around early afternoon, three folks arrived in a began terminating all over the place. He took three shots yet endure the death endeavor. After this he recorded Rastaman Vibrations (1976), Exodus (1977) and Babylon by the Bus (1978), Kaya (1978), Uprising (1980) and reissues of prior work. In 1981, Marley kicked the bucket from malignant growth, however his work will be recollected until the end of time. As I would like to think, Bob Marley was an extraordinary artist who gave motivation during a period of tumult in Jamaica. The verses he sung moved through individuals as he sung it. Numerous individuals saw him as a simply one more druggy that sung however when he sung there was a sure soul that is simply undescribeable yet now lives in his music. I for one think of him as a legend for turning into a motivation to a whole nation.

Ellis Island Essays - Port Of New York And New Jersey, Ellis Island

Ellis Island You may ask why somebody would experience all the difficulty to compose an article on migration. (other than the reality this is a task ever) Much of what we state, eat, and even do is associated with something that a worker brought to this nation years prior. A considerable lot of the dishes that we as Americans appreciate, for example, pastas, burritos, or even a few kinds of wieners were brought here by Italians, Mexicans, and Germans. Likewise quite a bit of our regular language originates from other dialects. This is the reason movement is so fascinating to me. My fundamental enthusiasm for movement happens at a spot called Ellis Island. Ellis Island is a little island in Upper New York Bay, in spite of the fact that in New Jersey waters. It is under the political locale of New York. From 1892 to 1954 Ellis Island was the Home office of a movement and naturalization locale of the United States. The early Dutch homesteaders called the island Oyster Island initially; it was later known as Gibbet Island, after a private was hanged there in 1765. Samuel Ellis purchased the island in the eighteenth century and gave it his name. From Ellis Island it went to New York State; it was purchased from the state by the government government in 1808. In 1892, when Castle Garden, the movement station at the Battery in lower Manhattan, could no longer deal with the progression of migrants, the gathering central command was moved to Ellis Island. At Ellis Island migrants were analyzed and either conceded or ousted. At the tallness of it's movement from 1900 to 1914 Ellis Island station could process 1 million individuals a year. Around 1890to 1920 generally Europeans showed up in Ellis Island. While at Angel Island in San Francisco Asians were showing up on pontoons. The ever-developing numbers burdened the personnel with long queues and congestion. Boats dropped grapples outside the Narrows, where Quarantine officials would get on to check for indications of plague infections. On the off chance that a boat was liberated from ailment, specialists would then inspect the first and inferior travelers, a large portion of whom were offered authorization to land when the boat docked. Steerage-class travelers were carried to Ellis Island for investigation. We were put on a freight ship, stuck in so close that I was unable to pivot, there were such a large number of us also, the odor was horrendous. What's more, when we got to Ellis Island, they put the gangplank down, and there was a man at the foot, and her was yelling, at the top of his lungs, Put your baggage here. Men thusly. Ladies and youngsters thusly. Dad took a gander at us and stated, we'll meet you back here at this hill of baggage and expectation we discover it again and see you later. This statement was by an European migrant in 1920 by the name of Eleanor Kenderdine Lenhart. Once in a while fresh introductions needed to sit tight on board their boats for a considerable length of time before being moved to Ellis Island. Once there, they were frequently restricted to the stuffed canal boats for a considerable length of time without food or water, hanging tight for their chance to land for review. The canal boats sanctioned by the steamship lines needed satisfactory toilets and lifesaving gear, they were freezing cold in winter and insufferably blistering in the late spring. While landing at Ellis Island, a few workers were so burdened with enormous packs that they kept their wellbeing declarations helpful by gripping then between their teeth. Their combination of things contained what more likely than not been their most prized yet versatile possessions: apparel, plume beds, dinnerware, just as photos, family supplication books what's more, different mementoes of the country. The foreigners were totally assessed as they shown up to Ellis Island in various manners. They assessed there intellectually and medicinally. The clinical review started when the workers rose the steps to the Registry Room. Specialists positioned at the highest point of the steps observed cautiously for brevity of breath or indications of heart inconvenience as the outsiders moved up the means hauling their stuff. U.S. General Health Service Doctors here and there just had six seconds to check every foreigner during the line investigation. On the off chance that a specialist found any sign of maladies, he denoted the shoulder or then again lapel of the migrant's garments with chalk: L for weakness, E for eyes, for instance. Checked migrants, some of them whom had gotten a few of these bewildering letters, were expelled from the review line and prompted uncommon diagnostic rooms. There a specialist would check them for the illness shown by the chalk imprint and give them a snappy by and large physical. Numerous

Business Research Essay Example for Free

Business Research Essay Our exploration is worried about the various elements influencing income of drive-thru eatery situated in nearness of instructive foundations. The reason for the examination is to concentrate how precisely buyers discretionary cashflow sway the drive-thru eateries income. For directing the examination, the example of information has been taken from understudies; instructors and heads of two schools state Bangalore Management Academy and CRM IMS. The outcomes uncover that eateries make a lot of benefit on school days and less benefit when shut in light of the fact that the achievement of the cafés relies upon consumer’s discretionary cashflow. Presentation. Presentation A cheap food is a food that can be cooked and served immediately sold in café. We saw in the most recent decade, a development of drive-through eateries in India as Indian eating-out propensity has impressively expanded. This wonder is additionally seen where we could every day see a motion of juvenile and most youthful populace and that spots are only close by instructive foundations. The focused on clients are generally understudies, instructors, managers and individuals situated in closeness to instructive foundations and the point of the cafés proprietors is to cause benefit, to boost and continue their income. Anyway it exist a connection between restaurant’s area, income, and shoppers discretionary cashflow. Issue STATEMENT Although, building a cheap food close by instructive establishments is the most appropriate approach to get numerous clients and make more benefit however this likewise can have terrible symptom since it isn't taking in light of certain elements like consumer’s salary, and schools days. Theory Variation of consumer’s extra cash sway the income of drive-thru eateries situated in closeness of instructive foundations. Essentialness OF THE STUDY This proposed research will decide the variables influencing instructive institutions’ vicinity drive-thru eateries income. Proclamation OF THE QUESTIONS What are the understudies and school directors eating-out propensities? What are their dispensable wages? How do their spend it? How consumer’s discretionary cashflow influences the instructive foundation closeness quick food’s income? Degree AND LIMITATION The extents of this exploration are the drive-thru eateries situated in closeness to instructive establishments. The confinements of the examination are the cafés that are not reachable by the instructive institutional individuals which are permitted to take an interest in the exploration. Writing REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW One of the rising organizations that have become a significant wonder in India is drive-through eatery. Brought about by Indian eating out propensity that getting extremely well known, drive-through eateries is additionally scheduled to development around by 20% every year (Gaurav Marya, 2012). Quick nourishments business have been to such an extent that they persistently changing alongside the time and way of life changing and they get adjusted to migration, travel just as financial condition (Kittler and Sucher, 1995). In any case, so as to draw in clients, drive-through joints bear the cost of various nourishments at various costs as indicated by consumer’s salary and dietary pattern. The restaurateurs have an away from of the customer’s observations (Sundaram et al. , 1997) as they make an exceptional thoughtfulness regarding the earth around schools where youngsters and more youthful are defenseless against rehashed exposures (Kelly et al., 2008). Income is the most significant in any business and café industry face a test which is of supporting their gainfulness. Kimes (2004) propose that the components that decide the capability of a restaurant’s income is the limit straightforwardly identified with the nature of administration and design of tables. The customers’ fulfillments might be affected by the impact that a specific café offers back to him and their partner that discernment to the sort of eatery (Noone et al. , 2007:233). In any case, the hour of increment or diminishing of income relies upon the customer’s discretionary cashflow that goes in equal manner with the eateries owners’ strategy. In the event that the clients see the approach out of line they might be hesitant (Mc Guire and Kimes, 2006:123). Hardly any investigations have demonstrated an incredible achievement of cafés organizations in this as of late years. Technique METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The examination will include the pretend by the consumer’s discretionary cashflow on eateries income through built and organized poll that we would provide for restaurant’s proprietors and instructive institutional individuals to round out the required information. The meeting booked is included two areas. 1 †Collection of data about buyers and their extra cash 2 †Accumulation of data with respect to area and yearly turnover of the business SAMPLING Our investigation will follow the multistage delineated strategy for examining dependent on some measure to choose the individual and eateries to lead the examination. Instructive organizations individuals will be partitioned into three gatherings: Students, Teachers and Administrators. The following examining gathering will be the schools vicinities drive-through joints proprietors. Information COLLECTION TOOLS The essential information sources used to gather information are organized polls that will be submitted to understudies and proprietors of drive-thru eateries situated to nearness instructive organization and instructive institution’s individuals. Alongside surveys, talks with additionally will be directed. The optional information will be gathered through different distributions, papers, sites and magazines. End CONCLUSION. The examination was directed on varieties of instructive organizations nearnesses restaurants’ incomes and these restaurants’ customers’ extra cash and their food propensity. It was led in Bangalore city among cafés proprietors and understudies, managers of specific schools; thusly, it has been conceivable to gather information from a little example remembering restrictions. The outcome has then been accumulated through subjective just as quantitative information assortments and investigation by addressing and meeting restaurant’s proprietors and clients. Toward the finish of the examination, it appears that the ascent of drive-thru eateries number in nearness to instructive foundations is a strategy to draw in more focused on clients so as to make more benefit. This is alluring strategy obliges the buyers eating-out propensity and molded by the principle factor which is consumer’s extra cash. The cafés then rely upon the consumer’s extra cash. At the point when this pay is low clients eat less food or low value nourishments so they go through less cash and the eateries income is less a this period. In any case, for the situation their pay is a lot of then clients eat a lot and income of the cafés is high. The subsequent factor is the school program. The eateries proprietors ought to consider likewise the opening and shutting system of the instructive foundations close to which they found their business. Poll QUESTIONNAIRE To the customers Name ðÿ˜  You are? | Male| | Female| | How old right? | 15-20| | 21-25| | 26-35| | 35 and above| | What is your occupation? | School administrator| | Teacher| | Student| | Where do you live? | On campus| | Around campus| |. | Within strolling distance| | Far from campus| | What is your feast plan every day? | 2| | 3| | Above 3| | No feast plan| | Do you frequently eat out? | Yes| | No| | How would you regularly eat out? | Never| | Occasionally| | 1 to 2 days a week| | More than 2 days a week| | Daily| | How would you frequently set up your own suppers during school weeks? | Never| | Occasionally| | All the time| | What sort of café do you eat at during educational time? | Fast food| | Casual dining| | Casual food| | What is your month to month extra cash? | Less than 15000| | 15000-20000| |. | 21000-35000| | More than 35000| | What is the normal measure of cash you go through off grounds each day? | Rs. 20 50| | Rs. 55 100| | Above Rs. 100| | I don’t burn through cash on campus| | INTERVIEWS With the understudies Interviewer: Hi, I am Bamba Adama, MBA understudy of Bangalore Management Academy; with your authorization, I might want to direct a meeting with you for a business inquire about reason. The motivation behind this meeting is to search for various elements that influence your dietary pattern and you spend your discretionary cashflow as indicated by your food propensity. Questioner: Can you disclose to me a touch of something important to you? Understudy Interviewer: Where do you live? Do you live with family or alone? Understudy Interviewer: What do you appreciate eating day by day? Why? Understudy Interviewer: Do you cook the nourishments yourself? Understudy: Interviewer: What do you appreciate eating every day? Why? Understudy Interviewer: Do you use to you eat diverse food outside accurately in one of the eateries around grounds? Why/why not? Understudy Interviewer: Is there some other reasons like nourishments costs? Understudy: Questioner: How much around do you spend week by week by eating outside? Understudy Interviewer: Who gives you your salary? I mean your pocket cash? Understudy With Restaurant proprietor Interviewer: Hi, I am Bamba Adama, MBA understudy of Bangalore Management Academy; with your authorization, I might want to direct a meeting with you for a business investigate reason. The reason for this meeting is to search for various variables that influence your restaurant’s income as per your area. Questioner: Can you disclose to me a touch of something important to you and your business? Café Owner Interviewer: What kinds of food do you cook? Eatery Owner Interviewer: Were you found some place previously? Eatery Owner Interviewer: What persuaded you to manufacture

Equity Markets or Stock Valuation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are required to discover an article as for both of the accompanying issues underneath and dissect the pertinence of the news thing to the issues showed beneath. The chose article ought to be current, for example from May 2017 onwards. a .Bond issue or rating offices b. Budget reports c. Value markets or stock valuation d. Capital planning of a business element Answer: Presentation The conversation manages the Equity market and stock valuation. The value advertise alludes to the market where offers are given and exchanged. The exchanges are made either through trades or through other decentralized modes. The value market or financial exchange permits the speculators to get the responsibility for with a possibility to acknowledge future additions and the organizations access to capital (Chen and Tindall 2016). It is stage where the purchasers and venders communicate to exchange the protections that are recorded in the trade or secretly executed. The organizations so as to aggregate capital auction their offers or stocks in the market; every one of the stock speaks to responsibility for organization (Kopczuk 2015). Consequently if the organization procures a benefit the financial specialists can likewise get a piece of it. For this situation, a colossal hazard associated with the financial specialists if the organization endures a misfortune. The more the interes t for supplies of a specific organization higher is the cost of its offers. Article audit The stock prizes for organizations can impact an economy. Ascend in the stock prizes shows a sound developing economy, also on the off chance that pattern of the stocks are descending, at that point it demonstrates a frail economy or downturn (Eaton et al. 2016). The current conversation manages different money related issues as for rise and fall stock prize. The article picked titled US stocks endure most exceedingly terrible fall in 6 years, distributed by budgetary occasions correspondents on 6th of February 2018.The article features on the most noticeably terrible fall in the US securities exchange in contrast with the presentation over the most recent six years. On 6th of February, the financial exchange saw a fast selling of protections demonstrating decrease in the estimations of the equivalent, this eradicated the benefits of the market of the entire year. The unexpected gracefully of the offers from the financial specialists side raised a doubt. The securities exchange file Dow-Jones Industrial Average in a short time shed in excess of 800 focuses. This fall can be set apart as second most elevated in the entire decade. The Leuthold venture the board tactician Jim Paulsen remarked that this quick auction might be because of programmed quantitative exchange or a particular organization or individual can be accused. Before the day's over, the SP-500 record was at 2648.94 that is 4.1% fall. This was the most noticeably terrible fall since august 2011.The Doq file tumbled to 175 focuses and Nasaq list tumbled to 6967.The seat mark files of the nations fell massively, the Japan benchmark Topix fell 6.3%, South Koreas list kopsi composite fell 2.6% ,the Australian market ASX 200 additionally saw a tumble down of 3.7%. The article likewise makes reference to that the Vix instability Index known as the Wall Street dread measure on that day arrived at its pinnacle hit that is 37.32. Last until it had arrived at its most elevated when the Chinese cash devaluated in august 2015 (Chan 2015). This additionally surpassed the levels came to during the Greek obligation emergency of 2015(Wickens 2017). The financial specialists, who had expected that the market would stay cool and had a wagered on it, endured a colossal misfortune. The trade exchanged reserve named the expert offers endured a colossal loss of 32%, the Velocity Shares Short Vix additionally lost by 14.3%. Michael Arone, the main speculation tactician at state road worldwide guide, expressed that the decrease of the offer qualities is an aftereffect of quick ascent in financing costs and expansion expectation (Gal 2015). He was astonished to see this abrupt nonstop offer of protections. On bringing up the issue whether this fall in the value advertise influence on a long would term premise, to Donald Trumps delegate press secretary Raj Shah, he commented that, these vacillations don't have a transient impact. The basic of the economy being solid, the circumstance can be made stable soon. The co boss venture official of Bridgewater partners has additionally included that it was a wonder of exemplary late cycle conduct. There has been an expansion in the weight in the security showcase as the banks have been loosening up the fiscal approach. After the episode, it very well may be foreseen the Federal Reserve could again fortify financial arrangement all the more forcefully. The US shortfall is additionally expected to ascend, because of increment in tax reductions and ascend in government borrowings the securities exchange has hit. The worldwide offer market has been frightfully moved, there includes been a frenzy inside the investors who has been selling of their protections, bringing the fear up in the market. David Kelly, boss worldwide specialist at JPMorgan resource the board educated that the explanation behind this isn't because of the ascent in the loan fees (Maioand and Santa-Clara 2017). He called attention to a clarification to this; he said this could be because of past due of the amendment of the offer and the security markets. He additionally anticipates that the next week should be lopsided for the financial exchange, however there is as yet a major uncertainty in the outcome. The Big Euro Zone markets are affirmed to run in negative for the year. Pertinence with the picked subject Numerous components that can impact the financial exchange factors like overpricing of stocks ascend in the loan costs deceitful exercises and Federal Reserve approaches (Bernanke 2017). In the above conversation, a circumstance of an offer market crash has been featured. Fast deal in the market, the merchants are ordinarily alarmed for a startling financial occasion or emergency. This accident may influence the economy and individual clients (Sornette 2017). The securities exchange is certainly not a genuine economy; the offer market may experience changes in the offer costs because of numerous reasons, for example, remedy of overvaluation and change in the premiums rates. The picked article centers around the issue of abrupt fall in the estimation of the portions of the US financial exchange. The economy may experience the ill effects of downturn if the market persistently experiences such fall (Farmer 2015). End The US financial exchange has confronted an awful fall in these security costs as of late on sixth of February 2018. There was an abrupt fall in the market making the economy feeble. There are numerous components like bank rates, swellings, flattening, monetary and political guidelines that can influence the security costs. A legitimate field-tested strategy and careful venture choice may assist with evading the outcome. Reference and Bibliography Bernanke, B.S., 2017. Central bank strategy in a universal context.IMF Economic Review,65(1), pp.5-36. Chan, A., 2015. Chinas cash downgrading expands vulnerability, Economics: Asian Perspectives. Chen, J. furthermore, Tindall, M.L., 2016. Developing Equity MarketNeutral VIX Portfolios with Dynamic CAPM.The Journal of Alternative Investments,19(2), pp.70-87. Eaton, J., Kortum, S., Neiman, B. furthermore, Romalis, J., 2016. Exchange and the worldwide recession.American Economic Review,106(11), pp.3401-38. Rancher, R.E., 2015. The securities exchange crash truly caused the incomparable recession.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,77(5), pp.617-633. Lady, J., 2015.Monetary strategy, expansion, and the business cycle: a prologue to the new Keynesian structure and its applications. Princeton University Press. Kopczuk, W., 2015. What do we think about the development of top riches partakes in the United States.Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(1), pp.47-66. Maio, P. also, Santa-Clara, P., 2017. Momentary loan fees and securities exchange anomalies.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,52(3), pp.927-961. Sornette, D., 2017.Why securities exchanges crash: basic occasions in complex budgetary frameworks. Princeton University Press. Wickens, M., 2017. A Macroeconomic Perspective on the Greek Debt Crisis. InPolitical Economy Perspectives on the Greek Crisis(pp. 157-175). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Quit-Smoking Drug Chantix May Help Heavy Drinkers

Quit-Smoking Drug Chantix May Help Heavy Drinkers Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print The Quit-Smoking Drug Chantix May Help Heavy Drinkers By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on August 13, 2019 efenzi/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use A drug used to help people stop smoking may also help heavy drinkers cut back the amount they drink, thereby reducing their harmful level of alcohol consumption. A study of the drug varenicline, marketed as Chantix, significantly reduced the level of consumption by a group of heavy-drinking smokers, who were seeking treatment for smoking, not for alcohol. Researchers believe the drug could possibly be a new treatment for those who need to reduce their level of harmful drinking. At the Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center at the University of California, San Francisco, researchers studied 64 patients seeking treatment for smoking cessation over a 16-week period. Part of the group was given Chantix and the other a placebo. The Average Number of Are Drinks Reduced The participants who took Chantix reduced their average number of drinks per week by 35.32% compared to those taking the placebo. The researchers found that the drugs effects on drinking were separate from its effects on smokingâ€"there was no correlation between the average number of drinks and the average number of cigarettes they smoked. The study found that Chantix did not reduce the number of days per week the participants drank  but reduced the number of drinks they consumed when they did drink. People initiated drinking at the same rate, but they drank less once they started, said lead author Jennifer Mitchell. If your usual pattern was to come home and have a few beers, you would still do that, but you might have one or two instead of four or five. Medications for Alcoholism Reducing Harmful Drinking The authors concluded that Chantix could potentially be valuable in reducing the harm caused by alcohol abuse. If you currently drink seven drinks a night, and we can turn that into two or three, then youre not only drinking at a level thats going to harm you less, youre less likely to harm others, as well. If we could lower the rates of drunk driving, spousal and child abuse and other secondary effects of alcoholism, that would be tremendous, Mitchell said in a news release. Chantix helps people stop smoking by blocking the pleasant effects of nicotine in the brain. The authors believe that alcohol and nicotine use a common pathway in the brain to provide feelings of pleasure and reward. Low Side Effects in Controlled Group The downside to Chantix, however, is the negative side effects of producing depression and thoughts of suicide. In this study, the researchers said the side effects were low and reduced over time, but that may be due to the fact that participants were carefully screened for mental health disorders before they were allowed into the study. Further research is needed to examine side effects that include depression and suicidal thoughts. The researchers recommend future studies with participants who have comorbid mental health conditions as well as with heavy drinkers who do not smoke. The Link Between Alcohol Use Disorder and Depression

The MCAT Fact and Fiction

The MCAT: Excruciatingly painful? In The Art of War, Sun Tzu wrote, â€Å"Know your enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.† History overflows with examples of misinformation that brought about disaster. What could this possibly have to do with preparing for the MCAT? The MCAT is such a unique test that going in with the fullest knowledge possible of the exam will assist you in optimally preparing. Below are several common misconceptions about the test. 1.  The MCAT is similar to a final exam for  five specific classes This notion can cause undue stress in the days preceding the test. It is easy to imagine how excruciatingly painful it would be to take an exam with questions selected from a plethora of specific topics related to biology, biochemistry, general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics – on a single test. Fortunately, this is not the case. The level of knowledge required to pass those classes is far deeper than much of what you will be tested on during the MCAT. Rather than covering minute details, the MCAT mainly requires students to have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of each subject and to understand how to work with basic equations. 2. You’ll have to relearn all of the sciences because you will have forgotten everything from your college courses For traditional students, there is typically a gap between their basic science classes and the time they dedicate to studying for the MCAT. If that knowledge was not needed for additional classes, it is likely that the majority of details were lost. Students are often surprised at how many of the general concepts they remember, however – and this is much more important for the MCAT. Most people certainly need to review a subject or two to firm up their understanding, but it isn’t an entire relearning process. 3. This is a test of how intelligent you are Like any exam, intelligence is a factor – but much more than that, the MCAT tests a person’s ability to work diligently toward a goal. The people who do well are not necessarily the smartest ones – they’re the individuals who put in the time and effort to understand what the MCAT covers, how it presents that material, and how you should apply those concepts as the test-taker. Familiarizing yourself with the structure and format of the test is half the battle. 4. A high mark will automatically get you into medical school Just like a solid SAT or ACT score helped get you into college, an impressive MCAT score will only help you get into med school, and med school admissions are typically much more competitive than college admissions. There are many factors besides the MCAT that contribute to an admissions decision. This test will not solely determine whether or not you gain entrance into medical school. It’s one miniscule piece of a very large puzzle. 5. Other than the biology portion, nothing on the MCAT will prepare you for medical school You may think that much of the material is not directly relevant to your medical school career, but the process involved in studying for med school courses strongly reminds me of what it was like to study for the MCAT. Completing that process will aid you in determining what study methods, learning styles, and practice techniques work best for you. This will be crucial knowledge when you’re challenged by your first med school exam. 6. You won’t be able to have a life while studying for the MCAT One of the key lessons everyone learns in life is how to balance work and play, and if you hope to be a doctor, this is the perfect opportunity to begin developing that delicate balance. This is especially important for the MCAT because if you focus so much on studying for the test that other elements of your life are neglected, this will lead to a decreased ability to cope with stress; it’s not difficult to imagine where that will lead. You’ll notice that all of these myths were negatives; these misconceptions can make the MCAT sound harder than it is in reality, and they can add to your stress while preparing for it. If there’s one item that isn’t necessary during this process, it’s additional stress. With any luck, clearing up these myths will help you fight that battle and attain the high score you’re after! Eric Secrist is a professional MCAT tutor and contributing writer for Varsity Tutors. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Biology from the University of Washington and is a current medical student at Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University.

“to What Extent Was the Rise to Power of Stalin Due to...

â€Å"To what extent was the rise to power of Stalin due to personal appeal and ability†? Lenin died in January 1924 and Stalin emerged to power in 1929. Stalin has been described as a â€Å"grey blur† that rose to power. It’s quite hard to pin point the main reasons how Stalin got to power. Some historians may say that Stalin was lucky that he got to power and he benefited off events such as Lenin’s death and that his rival’s weaknesses such as Trotsky who was considered likely successor to Lenin, but Trotsky lacked the will for a political fight. However you just can’t become the leader of Russia just from good luck, Stalin used his ability to place himself in a great position within the party. This essay is going to look at the ways in which†¦show more content†¦Trotsky in 1918 became the war commissar and he created the red army, and was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War 1918–20. He was a great public speaker and war tactician. However many Bolsheviks were afraid that he would become a m ilitary dictator such as Nicholas 2nd was. Also he had a reputation for being arrogant which made him unpopular within the party, also after Lenin died the triumvirate group established this group was made up of Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin their aim was not to get Stalin into power but to keep Trotsky out of reach of power. Stalin’s used his position as general secretary to gain support and power. As the general secretary of the soviet communist party which controlled the membership of the party. Through a series of appointments, gained the power of patronage over many parts of the Bolshevik Party, between 1923 - 25 the Party had expanded by recruiting more members, this was called the Lenin enrolment. â€Å"It increased from 300,000 in 1922 to 600,000 in 1925†. The new members were poorly educated; they thought that promotion and party privileges came from loyalty to the person who appointed them which in this case was Stalin; also they had to be loyal to Stalin because if they went against him they would lose their job. The expansion of the Party increased Stalin s power of patronage. InShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union

Geroge Orwell Essay - 1878 Words

Geroge Orwell â€Å"One of the things Orwell bequeathed us was the adjective ‘Orwellian’†¦. It is a frightening word, generally applied to a society organized to crush and dehumanize the individual, sometimes signifying the alienation of that individual if he dares to rebel† (Lewis 13). George Orwell, the pseudonym for Eric Arthur Blair, depicted the importance of the individual in society and the danger of too much community in his literature. Through his personal experiences, however, he explored the ideas of socialism and was torn between the individual and community ideals. In his literature and his past, Orwell spoke against movements that remove the individual, but still emphasized the importance of community. Thus, he advocated a†¦show more content†¦He enjoyed the idea that everybody was equal, but he still showed resentment towards it. His inner conflict between these two ideas and his experiences as a member in the Spanish Civil War caused him to c hoose a median between the community ideals which he saw and the individual ideals which he missed: â€Å"I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in socialism, which I never did before† (qtd. in Chen). With the start of World War II, George Orwell began his fight against Nazism, fascism, and communism. In the eyes of many, communism became interchangeable with socialism, and he criticized writers of his time that were in support of Stalin and his â€Å"socialist† movement: â€Å"Why should writers be attracted by a form of Socialism that makes mental honesty impossible† (qtd. in Lewis 76)? In an attempt to pacify the radical communist movements and change imperialism, he spoke of a third method to reform the British Empire—a middle ground that would create a socialist community in Britain. John Newsinger wrote, â€Å"[He had a] call for a new socialist movement that would reject both Communist-style revolution and Labour Party reformism in favour of a third way to socialism, a third way that he continued to call revolutionary but that was adapted to modern conditions† (qtd. in Chen). Through this, one can see that Orwell wanted to avoid such movemen ts as communism, which attempted to obtain control over the individual, and yet he had a need to preserve theShow MoreRelatedThe Dysptopian Novel of 1984 by Geroge Orwell632 Words   |  2 Pages The dystopian novel of 1984, written by the English writer George Orwell, was first published by Secker and Warburg in 1949. The novel discusses the life of Winston Smith and his venture to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he resides. George Orwell wrote 1984 as a warning after World War II, with the intention of describing a society that he would never want to live the day to see. Unfortunately, he knew that it was more of a precaution to say this is how life for some was like in GermanyRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesEnvision the presence living in a dystopian society - where citizens are watched day-and-night. George Orwell’s novel 1984, written in 1949, depicts and illustrates the future of the 1980’s. Orwell imagined the worl d in which totalitarianism reigned, individualism is dead, and history is just sentiment. The world diverged into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. With protagonist Winston Smith and the citizens of Oceania, they have experienced the impression, having to live life behind

Benefical Role Of Technology In Education - 1413 Words

Benefical Role of Technology in Helping People Obtain an Education Nhuien Tkhi Kim Nhan (Nata) ILSC BENEFICAL ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HELPING PEOPLE OBTAIN AN EDUCATION Even though most of the population think that technology has a bad influence on our education it still has a lot of benefits like access to any information anytime, provides us alternative books and it makes distance learning more accessible than ever. I. Technology gave us a lot of benefits and one of it is access to every type of information anytime.†¦show more content†¦a. As technology progresses and is trying to make students life easier they came up with an E-book. B. Online books seem to be a really budget idea. 1. Not everyone can afford to buy good quality books, so an e-book will be a real reasonable thing for them. C. Moreover, studying online can be done everywhere. 1. When it comes to a holiday time and you want to have a rest and revise something, but you did not bring your book, it is not a problem because there is variety of books online. III. Now distance learning is becoming more accessible than ever. A. When a pupil is ill or extremely sick and do not want to miss the class. 1. Distance learning can help you in not skipping the class because of any circumstances. a. This issue can happen unexpectedly, so technology is giving us a variety of chances to progress in our education. B. Although now students are able to study from another country. 1. Distance learning has given opportunities for hundreds of students toShow MoreRelatedLegal And Ethical Issues Of The National Career Development Association1105 Words   |  5 Pagescounselor s understanding of the client story and to validate the client s preferred ways of being† (p. 194). Additionally, specific intruments such as Interest Inventories, Assessment of Aptitude tests, and Personality Assessments would also be benefical for Naomi’s career counseling and development. Impact of Crises, Emergencies, and Disasters According to Zunker (2012), numerous biopsychosocial factors and life events can affect career planning, and Naomi’s case is no exception. The first factorRead MoreAre Mobile Phones Or Are They A Disctraction? Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesARE MOBILE PHONES BENEFICAL OR ARE THEY A DISCTRACTION? INTRODUCTION Mobile phones play a very important role in our daily routine. We use it to check our mail, communicate with those we are in touch with, social media such as Facebook and also for work purposes at work and places such as school or university. However as research and personal experience shows, mobile phones are fifty percent of a distraction to us and fifty percent beneficial. This research essay aims to discuss how mobile phonesRead MoreA Sustainable Xavier : The Rising Popularity Of The Green Movement1862 Words   |  8 Pagesjust something Xavier Universtiy is focuing on. Many other universities across the country as well as individuals are contributing to the sustainability movement. In the International Journal for Sustainabiliyt in Higher Education, contributer B. Chalkley stated that, â€Å"education for sustainability must seek outcomes that involve not only knowledge and skills but also the values that underpin sustainable behaviour by businesses, government and socieety, † (Shephard). This minset is on par with theRead More Human Resource Management at Delphi Essay example2516 Words   |  11 Pagescompetitive success through people requires a fundamental change in how managers think about an organization workforce and how they view the work relationship. Its a new approach within the framework of organizational, behavior that goes beyond the role of just personnel administration. I have learned How job analysis is a systemic process of determining the skills, duties and knowledge required for performing jobs in an organization, How compensation includes all reward that individuals recovery

The Negro And Signs Of Civilization - 1188 Words

The political action and social reform during the late 19th and early 20th century ultimately lead to the Civil Rights movement and the end of racial segregation. The Civil Rights movement dealt with problems of inequality and disenfranchisement of African Americans that began in the post-civil war era. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington are considered by historians, two of the prominent leaders of the black community in the late 19th and early 20th century who sought inclusion and equality through social and economic progress. While their end goals were the same, the means in which they utilized their platforms and their philosophy on how best to accomplish this varied. Among other accomplishments, DuBois’ efforts in the civil rights†¦show more content†¦He claims possessing material things that symbolize wealth, accomplishment, education and success leave little to argue with about whether or not someone was equal enough of a person to deserve these things (Wash ington, The Negro and the Signs of Civilization). He also argues that African Americans will need to work hard to acquire these symbols. His persuasion is further enhanced by playing to both sides of the civil rights movement. Washington pleads with white men as well as black men to raise up the former slaves to raise up society as a whole. He claims that with a third to half of the population of a state suppressed that greatness cannot be achieved (Washington,The Negro and the Signs of Civilization). He makes it clear that white men need to help make greatness achievable for the black man or find themselves fighting an uphill battle. In Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech from 1985, similar appeals are made of African Americans and white men. Being one of the first recorded radio speeches by an African American citizen, this event reached many ears including policy makers and others in higher levels of government (Washington, Atlanta Compromise Speech). What is most interesting about Booker T. Washington’s arguments was that he was clear on what should be the priority of African Americans and it was not necessarily representation in government. He wasShow MoreRelatedThe Corner Stone Address By Alexander Stephens814 Words   |  4 Pagesdirect cause of the Confederacy’s secession. He states, â€Å"The new constitution has put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution African slavery as it exists amongst us the proper status of the Negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution (Stephens)†. Slavery defined the South and it caused many problems between the slave states and the free states. Because of slavery, the new government for the SouthRead MoreRichard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Introduction Richard Wright’s plead in the Blueprint for Negro Writing could be very well summarized in one of the famous words from Thomas Kempis, â€Å"Be not angry that you cannot make others as you wish them to be, since you cannot make yourself as you wish to be.† In this popular essay, Richard Wright denounced the Negro writers as he perceived them to be merely begging for the sympathy of the bourgeoisie instead of striving to present a lifeRead MoreThe Condemnation Of Blackness By Kahlil Gibran Muhammad1435 Words   |  6 Pagesto write about â€Å"The Negro Problem† was Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, a Harvard scientist, who stated that the race problem in America was worse than any of the other problems being faced by other countries. This was the beginning of science being used to justify racism, discrimination and bias towards African Americans. â€Å"Unlike in ‘our own race inheritance,’ black brains stopped developing sooner, leaving ‘the negroe s’ with an animal nature unaltered by the ‘fruits of civilization.’†1 This to ShalerRead MoreLangston Hughes s Poem, Negro Speaks Of Rivers964 Words   |  4 PagesIn Langston Hughes’ inspirational poem, â€Å"Negro Speaks of Rivers,† he expresses, â€Å"My soul has grown as deep like the rivers,† (lines 4 and 13), describing how his encounters with racial intolerance have made him stronger as a person in both spiritual and emotional ways; rather than to just step down and submit to the cruelty of racism. The quote could also be interpreted as a sign of perseverance and hope for people who have experienced not only racial injustice, but other forms of degradation inRead MoreEnglishmen and Colonization in the Seventeenth Century Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagessettlement in the foreign land. They were also able to keep their own laws and language. At Kormantin in 1631 Englishmen had their first settlement in Africa. According to Jordan, it was the meeting of Englishmen and African people outside the concept of Negro as a slave. â€Å"Rather, Englishmen met Negroes merely as another sort of men.† A first impression of Englishmen was the difference of those natives. Negroes does not look similar to those visitors. They were non-Christians. Their living style was alsoRead MoreThe Roaring 20s Dbq Essay examples1523 Words   |  7 Pagesnational advertisers fix the surface of his life, fix what he believed to be his individuality These standard advertised wares-toothpastes, socks, tires, cameras, instantaneous hot-water-heaters--were his symbols and proofs of excellence; at first the signs, then the substitutes, for joy and passion and wisdom. Document B Source: The Bridge by Joseph Stella, 1922 [pic] Document C Source: The World Most Famous Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case, 1925 Mr. Darrow: Do you claim that everythingRead MoreThe 1920s Dbq1644 Words   |  7 Pagesadvertisers fix the surface of his life, fix what he believed to be his individuality. These standard advertised wares—toothpastes, socks, tires, cameras, and instantaneous hot water heaters—were his symbols and proofs of excellence; at first the signs, then the substitutes, for joy and passion and wisdom. Source: Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt, 1922 Document B [pic] Source: Georgia O’Keefe, The Radiator Building at Night (NYC) , 1927 (painting) Source C [pic] Source: Ethel Walker, singer andRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 Pagescultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan Africanism as an ethical system, traces its origins from ancient times, and promotes values that are the product of the African civilization and struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, and neo-colonialism. Pan-Africanism is usually seen as a product of the European slave trade, rather than as something arising in the continent of Africa itself.   George Shepperson describedRead MoreCauses Of Social Darwinism1412 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon as Natural Selection. Not only did Darwin’s new, forward thinking, outlook on the evolution of life change scientific perspective across the world, but it also changed how people viewed themselves, global social conditions, religion and civilization altogether. This is an idea that was so brilliant and ahead of its time that it is still used in modern scientific theory. When applied from a scientific perspective, it provides answers to many questions that humans have been asking about theRead MoreEssay about THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF RACISM ON BIGGER THOMAS1503 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered one of the great contributors. Truly one of his books which highlights the black’s view of American society has to be Native Son. In Native Son, Richard Wright creates the characterization of â€Å"native sons† who are products of American civilization. From his own life experience, he portrays in Bigger Thomas a combination of character traits that illustrate persons who have lost meaning in their lives. Bigger Thomas represents the black man’s condition and his revolt against the injustices

Non-Violence Free Essays

string(55) " by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust\." With the simultaneous proliferation of technology and global-poltical danger in the modern world, strategies for countering both political oppression, and the outbreak of political violence and war are urgently needed.   Although the century which has recently slipped away — the Twentieth Century — may be remembered as â€Å"the bloodiest in history† (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction being â€Å"invented, built, deployed and further refined† (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became commonly known quantities. Against this backdrop of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the philosophy of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained   an historical currency which is still unmatched. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now The activities of important leaders like Gandhi, King, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, paradigm shifting   potential of non-violence resistance as a method for seizing social initiative and political power. Because of the actions of these three important leaders. plus a host of other lesser-known figures, and the action of millions of ordinary activists, â€Å"it can be argued that the rise of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century†Ã‚   (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for application in today’s difficult and complex political world. While it is true enough that Gandhi, King, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that key tenants of what might be termed a â€Å"universal† sense of non-violence pervade each leaders’ philosophies, distinct differences are also recognizable   when a comparison of the three leaders’ ideas, activities, and accomplishments is carried out. Such a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is crucial to understanding how the philosophy of non-violence may be applied in modern times as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens much of the world. As noted, â€Å"Nonviolent action — including methods such as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins — has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging conflict and promoting social change† (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure caused by modern political and social chal lenges such as terrorism, global warming, the protection of human rights and religious freedom, adapting past approaches of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial. Non-violent activism may, in fact, help bring about important social changes: â€Å"Some areas for future expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing military defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, information struggles and interpersonal behaviour† (Martin 625); the suggestion of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, but as we will see, this idea is actually a core-concept for the three leaders in our study. In this regard, non-violent philosophy takes it roots not in social, political or philosophical idea, but in spiritual convictions or even, spiritual revelation. An abstraction of  Ã‚   â€Å"nonviolence principles, building on the core dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does not use physical force† (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively understand that non-violence does not indicate non-action of total passivity in the face of aggression. Such a distinction is difficult to pin down, but it is a crucial part of activism, manifest in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws, and passive resistant behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants. In order to shed light on some of the more challenging aspects of non-violent activism, such as the spiritual aspect, as well as investigate the potential application of non-violent philosophy in modern times, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader: Gandhi, King, and Mandela, will attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leader’s approach and attempt to discover if any type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered. For Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an organic human impulse or † basic law of our being† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is based not in genetic or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistical philosophical reasoning, but in spiritual ideas. For Gandhi, â€Å"Ahimsa (non-violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of   â€Å"himsa (violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each energy are just as distinct. While Ahimsa â€Å"can be used as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in deep accord with the truth of man’s nature and corresponds to his innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal dignity† (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite energy, himsa, â€Å"degrades and corrupts man† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); therefore to bring himsa energy against himsa energy would be to fight fire with fire. By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy â€Å"heals and restores man’s nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice† (Gandhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa energies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, spiritual realities.   Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left humanity with a much more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa energy. For Gandhi such an alienation of man’s true capacities has resulted in a culture where â€Å"violence seems to be the very foundation of social order and is â€Å"enthroned as if it were an eternal law,† so that man is called upon by society to reject love† (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social reality which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence. To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme courage on behalf of the activist. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from God: This courage demands nothing short of the ability to face death with complete fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. Such a program is meaningless and impossible, Gandhi thinks, without belief in God. The implication in Gandhi’s ideas is that the activist or the â€Å"Satyagrahi† is enabled, in fact: bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. You read "Non-Violence" in category "Essay examples" The decision as to how it is determined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we will see: this same ambiguity marks both King and Mandela’s own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi made clear that each â€Å"Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to bend the Government to the will of the people† (Gandhi 21) and it is this kind of â€Å"twisting† which comprises the active aspect of non-violent activism. The expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gandhi. This conviction brought about a similar adherence to   the concept of breaking â€Å"unjust† laws as a method of civil disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found justification for the breaking of social laws by the invocation of Divine Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in making his racial and social activism truly universal, although such a desire to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall strategy for social and political change. In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents: white racists with language of reconciliation, good-will, and fellowship. King’s invocations of â€Å"the good to be achieved† (Wolf, and Rosen) were powerful   counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform. Since King’s goal was to â€Å"to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible† (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on civil disobedience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhi’s, requires a deeper examination. Such revelation is possible due to King’s extensive writings; in particular his â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† a famous document where he addresses the concern of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of laws by civil activists. The letter repeatedly appeals to a shared sense of religion; King also cites Biblical examples to bolster his argument.  Ã‚   Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, ultimately resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and jailed the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for civil rights wi th the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel. King’s appeal via religion and spirituality was based in a desire for unity and understanding. While he denied accusations of extremity or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for civil rights was, by his reckoning, the will   of God.   Ã‚   King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality.   â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro.† (King) By forwarding the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both God’s will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his tactics and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent confrontation is also based in King’s ideas of justice. King’s idea is that God’s law is the highest law and that man’s laws may be broken when they obviously disagree with or even insult God’s law. With the belief that God’s Law is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by appealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to evade or subvert laws outright. Unlike King, Mandela called for deliberate confrontation with the forces of apartheid which apposed his view of liberation and freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandela’s rhetoric unlike King and Gandhi’s, â€Å"was more polarizing† (Wolf, and Rosen); for example, Mandela never attempted â€Å"to appeal to whites† and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to † through greater polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international community† (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies. However, rhetoric was simply another tool in Mandela’s non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might have called for violence, in actuality, he strove for non-violent change. he might have â€Å"easily have called for a violent overthrow of the South African government upon his release after 27 years in prison† (Pierce 1) but rather than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance. The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, â€Å"In this scenario, â€Å"the international community† becomes subrogated to the role of â€Å"broader constituency† that Mandela evoked indirectly†Ã‚   (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose support and intervention proved crucial to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special care to â€Å"emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour† and repeatedly â€Å"pledged himself an ew to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place† (Pierce 175). Contemporary Impact of Non-Violent Strategies Despite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary society seems no less preoccupied with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-related technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impacts that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon small children and adolescent children. One of the most complex facets of the issue is the still-unknown impact that new technologies such as 24 hour a day cable programming, widespread Internet access, and the â€Å"digital age† in general will have on the generation of young people who are presently the first to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies. An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be said to form a basis of â€Å"reality† for many people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction between perceived reality (based on media models and information) and reality (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models).   The distinction between media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to small children and adolescent children: â€Å"The boundaries between reality and unreality are especially permeable for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. Even older children rarely manage to keep â€Å"real life† and vicarious experience in watertight compartments† (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion. The main impact repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic psychological processes, many of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that manipulation of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and research exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative influence on young people. The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology: † weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of motorist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white jury[†¦]In that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens echo up and down the canyons,† (Bok 1999, 36); with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult professionals, what can we expect when we expose our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media? If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct then violence is not   a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, â€Å"non-violent settlement of conflict is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some genetic way to violence† (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well. The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveals the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulated by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which surpass anything which has yet occurred in history.   In other words, the â€Å"pioneers† of the â€Å"modern† incarnation of non-violent strategy which we have examined: Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the totality of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is rooted not inly in the basic moral nature of humanity, but in humanity’s spiritual destiny and responsibility. Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. Modern technology can also help individual activists to promote change by spreading honest information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent example is when â€Å"a 1991 massacre in the East Timorese capital Dill was recorded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous support for the resistance† (Martin 625); such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change. Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The recognition of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means. Conclusion The examination of three important world-leaders who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the different incarnations of non-violent activism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws for the purpose of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, accompanied by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core belief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanity’s organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanity’s natural attributes into an unnatural and unhealthy state. Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and political activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical figures studied in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect alone would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at various times in various cultures throughout the entire history of humanity. Works Cited Barker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Routledge. Bok, Sissela. 1999. Mayhem Violence as Public Entertainment. Reading, MA: Perseus Books. Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York: Schocken Books, 1961. Gandhi, Mahatma, and Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York: New Directions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pub, 1965. Kent, Bruce. â€Å"Non-Violence: The History of a Dangerous Idea.† History Today Feb. 2007: 62+. Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948-   1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Martin, Brian. â€Å"Nonviolent Futures.† Futures 33.7 (2001): 625. Pierce, Victoria. â€Å"A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leader’s Legacy of Non- Violence Is Alive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   around the World.† Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006: 1. Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. â€Å"Public Diplomacy: Lessons from King and Mandela.† Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Review (2005): 63+. How to cite Non-Violence, Essay examples Non-Violence Free Essays With the simultaneous proliferation of technology and global-poltical danger in the modern world, strategies for countering both political oppression, and the outbreak of political violence and war are urgently needed.   Although the century which has recently slipped away — the Twentieth Century — may be remembered as â€Å"the bloodiest in history† (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction being â€Å"invented, built, deployed and further refined† (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became commonly known quantities. Against this backdrop of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the philosophy of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained   an historical currency which is still unmatched. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now The activities of important leaders like Gandhi, King, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, paradigm shifting   potential of non-violence resistance as a method for seizing social initiative and political power. Because of the actions of these three important leaders. plus a host of other lesser-known figures, and the action of millions of ordinary activists, â€Å"it can be argued that the rise of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century†Ã‚   (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for application in today’s difficult and complex political world. While it is true enough that Gandhi, King, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that key tenants of what might be termed a â€Å"universal† sense of non-violence pervade each leaders’ philosophies, distinct differences are also recognizable   when a comparison of the three leaders’ ideas, activities, and accomplishments is carried out. Such a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is crucial to understanding how the philosophy of non-violence may be applied in modern times as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens much of the world. As noted, â€Å"Nonviolent action — including methods such as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins — has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging conflict and promoting social change† (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure caused by modern political and social challenges such as terrorism, global warming, the protection of human rights and religious freedom, adapting past approaches of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial. Non-violent activism may, in fact, help bring about important social changes: â€Å"Some areas for future expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing military defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, information struggles and interpersonal behaviour† (Martin 625); the suggestion of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, but as we will see, this idea is actually a core-concept for the three leaders in our study. In this regard, non-violent philosophy takes it roots not in social, political or philosophical idea, but in spiritual convictions or even, spiritual revelation. An abstraction of  Ã‚   â€Å"nonviolence principles, building on the core dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does not use physical force† (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively understand that non-violence does not indicate non-action of total passivity in the face of aggression. Such a distinction is difficult to pin down, but it is a crucial part of activism, manifest in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws, and passive resistant behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants. In order to shed light on some of the more challenging aspects of non-violent activism, such as the spiritual aspect, as well as investigate the potential application of non-violent philosophy in modern times, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader: Gandhi, King, and Mandela, will attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leader’s approach and attempt to discover if any type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered. GANDHI For Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an organic human impulse or † basic law of our being† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is based not in genetic or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistical philosophical reasoning, but in spiritual ideas. For Gandhi, â€Å"Ahimsa (non-violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of   â€Å"himsa (violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each energy are just as distinct. While Ahimsa â€Å"can be used as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in deep accord with the truth of man’s nature and corresponds to his innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal dignity† (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite energy, himsa, â€Å"degrades and corrupts man† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); therefore to bring himsa energy against himsa energy would be to fight fire with fire. By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy â€Å"heals and restores man’s nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice† (Gandhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa energies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, spiritual realities.   Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left humanity with a much more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa energy. For Gandhi such an alienation of man’s true capacities has resulted in a culture where â€Å"violence seems to be the very foundation of social order and is â€Å"enthroned as if it were an eternal law,† so that man is called upon by society to reject love† (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social reality which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence. To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme courage on behalf of the activist. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from God: This courage demands nothing short of the ability to face death with complete   Ã‚   fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. Such a program is meaningless and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   impossible, Gandhi thinks, without belief in God.  (Gandhi, and Merton 43) The implication in Gandhi’s ideas is that the activist or the â€Å"Satyagrahi† is enabled, in fact: bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. The decision as to how it is determined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we will see: this same ambiguity marks both King and Mandela’s own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi made clear that each â€Å"Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to bend the Government to the will of the people† (Gandhi 21) and it is this kind of â€Å"twisting† which comprises the active aspect of non-violent activism. KING The expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gandhi. This conviction brought about a similar adherence to   the concept of breaking â€Å"unjust† laws as a method of civil disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found justification for the breaking of social laws by the invocation of Divine Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in making his racial and social activism truly universal, although such a desire to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall strategy for social and political change. In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents: white racists with language of reconciliation, good-will, and fellowship. King’s invocations of â€Å"the good to be achieved† (Wolf, and Rosen) were powerful   counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform. Since King’s goal was to â€Å"to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible† (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on civil disobedience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhi’s, requires a deeper examination. Such revelation is possible due to King’s extensive writings; in particular his â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† a famous document where he addresses the concern of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of laws by civil activists. The letter repeatedly appeals to a shared sense of religion; King also cites Biblical examples to bolster his argument.  Ã‚   Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, ultimately resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and jailed the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for civil rights with the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel. King’s appeal via religion and spirituality was based in a desire for unity and understanding. While he denied accusations of extremity or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for civil rights was, by his reckoning, the will   of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality.   â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro.† (King) By forwarding the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both God’s will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his tactics and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent confrontation is also based in King’s ideas of justice. King’s idea is that God’s law is the highest law and that man’s laws may be broken when they obviously disagree with or even insult God’s law. With the belief that God’s Law is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by appealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to evade or subvert laws outright. MANDELA Unlike King, Mandela called for deliberate confrontation with the forces of apartheid which apposed his view of liberation and freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandela’s rhetoric unlike King and Gandhi’s, â€Å"was more polarizing† (Wolf, and Rosen); for example, Mandela never attempted â€Å"to appeal to whites† and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to † through greater polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international community† (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies. However, rhetoric was simply another tool in Mandela’s non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might have called for violence, in actuality, he strove for non-violent change. he might have â€Å"easily have called for a violent overthrow of the South African government upon his release after 27 years in prison† (Pierce 1) but rather than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance. The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, â€Å"In this scenario, â€Å"the international community† becomes subrogated to the role of â€Å"broader constituency† that Mandela evoked indirectly†Ã‚   (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose support and intervention proved crucial to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special care to â€Å"emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour† and repeatedly â€Å"pledged himself anew to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place† (Pierce 175). Contemporary Impact of Non-Violent Strategies Despite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary society seems no less preoccupied with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-related technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impacts that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon small children and adolescent children. One of the most complex facets of the issue is the still-unknown impact that new technologies such as 24 hour a day cable programming, widespread Internet access, and the â€Å"digital age† in general will have on the generation of young people who are presently the first to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies. An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be said to form a basis of â€Å"reality† for many people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction between perceived reality (based on media models and information) and reality (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models). The distinction between media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to small children and adolescent children: â€Å"The boundaries between reality and unreality are especially permeable for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. Even older children rarely manage to keep â€Å"real life† and vicarious experience in watertight compartments† (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion. The main impact repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic psychological processes, many of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that manipulation of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and research exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative influence on young people. The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology: † weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of motorist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white jury[†¦]In that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens echo up and down the canyons,† (Bok 1999, 36); with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult professionals, what can we expect when we expose our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media? If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct then violence is not   a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, â€Å"non-violent settlement of conflict is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some genetic way to violence† (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well. The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveals the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulated by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which surpass anything which has yet occurred in history. In other words, the â€Å"pioneers† of the â€Å"modern† incarnation of non-violent strategy which we have examined: Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the totality of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is rooted not inly in the basic moral nature of humanity, but in humanity’s spiritual destiny and responsibility. Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. Modern technology can also help individual activists to promote change by spreading honest information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent example is when â€Å"a 1991 massacre in the East Timorese capital Dill was recorded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous support for the resistance† (Martin 625); such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change. Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The recognition of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means. Conclusion The examination of three important world-leaders who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the different incarnations of non-violent activism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws for the purpose of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, accompanied by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core belief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanity’s organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanity’s natural attributes into an unnatural and unhealthy state. Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and political activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical figures studied in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect alone would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at various times in various cultures throughout the entire history of humanity. Works Cited Barker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Routledge. Bok, Sissela. 1999. Mayhem Violence as Public Entertainment. Reading, MA: Perseus Books. Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York: Schocken Books, 1961. Gandhi, Mahatma, and Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York: New Directions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pub, 1965. Kent, Bruce. â€Å"Non-Violence: The History of a Dangerous Idea.† History Today Feb. 2007: 62+. Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Martin, Brian. â€Å"Nonviolent Futures.† Futures 33.7 (2001): 625. Pierce, Victoria. â€Å"A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leader’s Legacy of Non- Violence Is Alive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   around the World.† Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006: 1. Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. â€Å"Public Diplomacy: Lessons from King and Mandela.† Policy Review (2005): 63+. How to cite Non-Violence, Essay examples